B选项用了公式Loss and loss adjustment expense/net premium earned，可实际的数据为什么只有Loss and loss adjustment expense？

这道题我可不可以直接通过这句话Segment EBIT margins in 2009 were 11 percent for Automation Equipment, 5 percent for Power and Industrial, and 8 percent for Medical Equipment.然后得出把盈利能力最差的Power and Industrial公司剔除出去的结论？

应付账款增加与应收账款和存货大量减少不是表明企业的现金管理能力增加了吗？

BS中是把cost+NI%-div%合起来算一项科目在asset里面嘛

请问这道题的计算公式是从哪里得出来的？

老师 我有两个问题： 1. 图二，我们算 zero-coupon bond 的IRR时是 used its fair value; 图三我们在算 coupon-paying bond 的IRR时用了他的 market value. 究竟是有 when there are both fair value and market value, we’ll always use market value over fair value, or is it for zero-coupon bond, we use fair value, and for coupon-paying bond, we use market value? 2. 图一， for zero-coupon bond, it is easy to get implied YTM and calculate credit spread, but what about for coupon-paying bond? How do we calculate the implied YTM? Can you please show me step by step? Thanks in advance.

老师 这个公式分母端 每个希腊字母按照从左往右顺序是否依次表示：“l：real rate; theta: short-term-inflation ; Pai: long-term inflation&GDP; r :credit spread; k：equity risk premium? 这里面尤其theta和pai 所对应表示的意思不是很确定，有些混淆，请求老师指教。谢谢您

题干说Book value of the firm 为什么就是指book value of the equity 呢？

老师，Lasso回归里，如果是希望减少参数，就直接减少自变量个数好了，为什么还搞个lambda这么复杂？

annual unit credit 以及用来计算csc 到底考不考？为什么讲义没有，题目又有？