请问老师，习题第一题讲解老师写了这么个公式，不是很清楚这是什么公式？或者是怎么变形而来的呢？

731怎么做

Monte Carlo模拟时，数据的分布不是特定的吗？

730提怎么做

Theta gamma Vega 都如何计算 出在题目里不知道怎么算

VaR model's confidence and the statistical test of the VaR区别不太清楚，请教一下

这题该怎么做

第四个选项的collar是什么意思

If the probability distribution of an estimator has an expected value equal to the parameter it is supposed to be estimating, it is said to be unbiased. Between two candidate estimators, the one with a smaller variance is said to use the information in the data more efficiently. When the probability that an estimator is within a small interval of the true value approaches 1, it is said to be a consistent estimator. 请问这段话怎么理解

对chi不是很熟悉，答案中lower-upper bound 与two-tailed 一个概念吗？还有为什么取2.5%而不是5%，因为在我感觉好像chi都是one -tailed。 谢谢