1.能不能将违约风险就简单地理解为-未能及时或足额地偿还债务给债权人造成的损失? 2.关于这道题不能选downgrade risk的答案解析是这么说的-Make It’s loan is not publicly traded and is unlikely to be rated by a recognized rating agency. 那是不是说判断是否为downgrade risk的条件之一是 债务人借的债是否是publicly traded(话说这怎么理解)，以及债权人是否被公认的评级机构评级(话说被recognized rating agency 评级有什么条件?)

前导习题什么意思啊老师，14 15题

前导习题什么意思啊老师，14 15题

a distribution of returns that has a greater percentage of small deviations from the mean and a greater percentage of extremely large deviations from the mean.习题这句话中文应该怎么翻译啊老师，怎么知道是尖峰厚尾的呢

11题，14题怎么翻译啊？包括选项

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好

请问如何理解The risk-taking framwork also helps in assessing how independent the risk management function should be.怎样理解风险管理部门的独立性，不依赖于什么？

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