请问14题为什么不是1000higher

请问，这页里为什么ln y可以写成delta y/y？

请问该如何理解notes中关于insurance company earnings的这段话？The underwriting loss ratio measures the relative efficiency of the company’s underwriting standards (whether the policies are priced appropriately relative to risks borne), while the expense ratio measures the efficiency of the company’s operations. underwriting loss ratio不包含underwriting项，却能衡量underwriting的质量；而expense ratio中包含underwriting expense，却是用来衡量公司operation的效率？

请问该如何理解notes中关于insurance company earnings的这段话？The underwriting loss ratio measures the relative efficiency of the company’s underwriting standards (whether the policies are priced appropriately relative to risks borne), while the expense ratio measures the efficiency of the company’s operations. underwriting loss ratio不包含underwriting项，却能衡量underwriting的质量；而expense ratio中包含underwriting expense，却是用来衡量公司operation的效率？

请问该如何理解notes中关于insurance company earnings的这段话？The underwriting loss ratio measures the relative efficiency of the company’s underwriting standards (whether the policies are priced appropriately relative to risks borne), while the expense ratio measures the efficiency of the company’s operations. underwriting loss ratio不包含underwriting项，却能衡量underwriting的质量；而expense ratio中包含underwriting expense，却是用来衡量公司operation的效率？

请问该如何理解notes中关于insurance company earnings的这段话：“The underwriting loss ratio measures the relative efficiency of the company’s underwriting standards (whether the policies are priced appropriately relative to risks borne), while the expense ratio measures the efficiency of the company’s operations.”？ 为何underwriting loss ratio中没有包含underwriting项，却能衡量underwriting的质量呢？而expense ratio中包含underwriting费用，却用来衡量公司经营效率呢？

老师您好，这个两年的capital是如何确定的？100和50

老师您好，这个解答里的capital，在year1里是100，year2里是50，应该如何理解呢？谢谢

在设原假设的时候，不是说不希望发生的情况设为原假设么。在AR模型里是希望有序列自相关问题，还是不希望有序列自相关问题呢？

老师好 大数据书P568-P569这些计算单晨玮老师上课都没讲 是不是不用学了？