82，其他优先股不是合约的义务么，优先股不是都是事先约定好股利的么？为什么说这是累积优先股的特性

如果按照这个公式去推的话，这个normal profit不就等同于阴影成本的值？？

第二条翻译 人们很难优先处理短期目标。意思是 喜欢将长期目标置于首位吧？这句话是不是写错了呢？

第二条翻译应该是

老师，请问normal profit，没怎么理解，怎能从这个图分析出：当ep=0时，ap=np

老师，146题，每一项能否帮忙解释一下？

An analyst gathered the following information from a company's 2010 financial statements (in $ millions): Based only on the information above, the company's 2010 statement of cash flows in the direct format would include amounts (in $ millions) for purchase in 2010 closest to: A $117.9. B $184.7. C $251.5. 下一题 您好，这个题目里面 折旧值为什么不是减去变动值而是减去期末值，这里很不理解，麻烦老师帮忙解答

An analyst gathered the following information from a company's 2010 financial statements (in $ millions): Based only on the information above, the company's 2010 statement of cash flows in the direct format would include amounts (in $ millions) for purchase in 2010 closest to: A $117.9. B $184.7. C $251.5. 下一题

LEVERAGE position 和short position区别是

T分布不是全都以0为对称轴的吗？这里均值不是0，也可以查表吗？不是要做相应的标准化吗？