Notes关于这条“Members and candidates are not precluded from expressing their opinions regarding the exam program or CFA Institute but must not reveal confidential information about the CFA Program.”什么程度的opinion是可以被express的？

新产品替代导致拉斯拜尔指数偏高可以这样理解吗？随着科技的进步，新产品将替代旧产品，对旧产品的消费量降低，但是由于拉斯拜尔指数的计算使用的是基期的消费量，从而高估了物价水平；

CFA Institute Professional Development Program是什么？什么行为是misrepresting information on the CFA Institute Professional Development Program?

关于这条，Notes里面“Establish reporting procedures, including duplicate trade confirmations, disclosure of personal holdings and beneficial ownership positions, and preclearance procedures" 的duplicate trade confirmations和preclearance procedures是什么意思，能否请老师举几个例子？

关于这条，Notes里面“Establish restrictions on participation in private placements.”的private placements是什么意思，能否请老师举几个例子？

B我觉得挺适合蒙特卡洛模拟的啊，情景不是都是人为假设的吗

请问Notes里面关于这条的“Disclosure of broker-dealer market- making activities would be included here.”里面的broker-dealer market-making activities能不能请老师举几个例子？

老师在讲课中提到“从事套利公司获得MNI，best stop，否则需要证明内控程序充分有效”，如何理解否则后面的内容？内控程序不有效，又怎样呢？

Z值是什么意思啊，不理解

Dividends declared和paid 有什么区别？